{"id":6684,"date":"2018-04-03T11:38:19","date_gmt":"2018-04-03T10:38:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/int.open-organization.com\/?p=5544"},"modified":"2018-04-03T11:38:19","modified_gmt":"2018-04-03T10:38:19","slug":"francais-une-strategie-dintelligence-artificielle-typiquement-francaise-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/2018\/04\/03\/francais-une-strategie-dintelligence-artificielle-typiquement-francaise-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Une strat\u00e9gie d&rsquo;intelligence artificielle typiquement fran\u00e7aise"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime;][et_pb_text]<\/p>\n<p>Le Pr\u00e9sident Macron a r\u00e9cemment donn\u00e9 des indications sur la strat\u00e9gie d&rsquo;intelligence artificielle adopt\u00e9e par la France, \u00e0 la suite de la publication du rapport Villani, qui souligne le caract\u00e8re absolument crucial de cette transformation technologique.<\/p>\n<h4>Une strat\u00e9gie \u00ab\u00a0m\u00e9ta\u00a0\u00bb typiquement fran\u00e7aise<\/h4>\n<p>Il s&rsquo;agit pour Emmanuel Macron de contrer la d\u00e9sindustrialisation du pays et de restaurer ensemble avec l&rsquo;Allemagne et d&rsquo;autres partenaires les bases technologiques de la souverainet\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne.<\/p>\n<p>La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape de sa strat\u00e9gie consiste \u00e0 accro\u00eetre l&rsquo;attractivit\u00e9 de la France pour les acteurs \u00e9trangers, qui trouvent ici \u00e0 la fois un capital humain et des conditions d&rsquo;accueil favorables. Les annonces r\u00e9centes de Google, de Fujitsu et de Samsung sugg\u00e8rent que cette \u00e9tape est en bonne voie pour \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Au lieu de piller le vivier de capital humain europ\u00e9en en le faisant venir \u00e0 elle, la Silicon Valley est invit\u00e9e \u00e0 venir s&rsquo;installer directement chez nous.<\/p>\n<p>Par ce chemin, Emmanuel Macron esp\u00e8re progressivement transformer le rapport de force avec les plateformes g\u00e9antes, ou m\u00e9taplateformes, en les int\u00e9grant \u00e0 un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me europ\u00e9en de plus en plus capable d&rsquo;imposer ses propres normes \u00e0 ses participants. C&rsquo;est la seconde \u00e9tape de cette strat\u00e9gie : soumettre les acteurs install\u00e9s en France et en Europe aux normes fran\u00e7aises et europ\u00e9ennes.<\/p>\n<p>La sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne consisterait, selon Emmanuel Macron, en ce que les choix collectifs europ\u00e9ens ne seraient pas d\u00e9termin\u00e9s exclusivement par des acteurs priv\u00e9s, comme aux USA, ni soumis \u00e0 des valeurs \u00e9trang\u00e8res aux Droits de l&rsquo;homme, comme en Chine.<\/p>\n<p>Cette strat\u00e9gie de l&rsquo;IA s&rsquo;inscrit dans une vision plus g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du fondement et de la protection d&rsquo;un syst\u00e8me de coh\u00e9sion national et europ\u00e9en.<\/p>\n<p>Le moment cl\u00e9 de la seconde \u00e9tape de cette strat\u00e9gie r\u00e9siderait d&rsquo;une part dans l&rsquo;\u00e9closion d&rsquo;acteurs de l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;\u00e9valuation et la prescription, et d&rsquo;autre part dans l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence de communs num\u00e9riques et de plateformes europ\u00e9ennes souveraines.<\/p>\n<p>Il s&rsquo;agit ici d&rsquo;une strat\u00e9gie \u00ab\u00a0m\u00e9ta\u00a0\u00bb, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire fond\u00e9e sur la prescription de normes de r\u00e9gulation d&rsquo;un domaine donn\u00e9 fond\u00e9e non pas sur une position comp\u00e9titive au sein du domaine en question, mais sur l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral. Cette strat\u00e9gie poss\u00e8de un ant\u00e9c\u00e9dent dans un autre domaine : la globalisation financi\u00e8re. Rawi Abdelal a notamment analys\u00e9 le r\u00f4le d&rsquo;un groupe de hauts fonctionnaires fran\u00e7ais dans la construction du cadre de r\u00e9gulation de la globalisation financi\u00e8re au cours des ann\u00e9es 1980.<\/p>\n<p>Depuis cette \u00e9poque, les param\u00e8tres ont chang\u00e9. Sur le plan industriel, il faut noter que la construction d&rsquo;un nouveau sous-marin nucl\u00e9aire est aujourd&rsquo;hui soumise \u00e0 l&rsquo;approbation am\u00e9ricaine, du fait du transfert de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 de turbines g\u00e9r\u00e9e anciennement par Alstom vers GE. Les cons\u00e9quences de la d\u00e9sindustrialisation p\u00e8sent sur les marges de man\u0153uvre strat\u00e9giques de la France.<\/p>\n<p>Les quatre domaines retenus par Emmanuel Macron pour d\u00e9velopper les applications de l&rsquo;IA sont la sant\u00e9, le transport, l&rsquo;\u00e9cologie et la d\u00e9fense.<\/p>\n<p>Ces quatre domaines participent chacun \u00e0 sa mani\u00e8re \u00e0 l&rsquo;industrie 4.0 et au digital industriel. C\u00e9dric Villani a fait savoir qu&rsquo;il voyait OVH comme un bon candidat de cloud souverain europ\u00e9en. Cette entreprise constitue effectivement l&rsquo;un des rares succ\u00e8s de l&rsquo;entrepreneuriat europ\u00e9en dans ce domaine, faisant suite \u00e0 deux \u00e9checs monumentaux pilot\u00e9s par de grands acteurs \u00e9tablis.<\/p>\n<p>OVH suit d\u00e9j\u00e0 une strat\u00e9gie de pr\u00e9sence partout dans le monde, en s&rsquo;adaptant aux contraintes locales, tout en prenant soin de scinder les donn\u00e9es selon leur juridiction.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00c9valuation critique de la strat\u00e9gie : o\u00f9 est la killer app?<\/h4>\n<p>La strat\u00e9gie d&rsquo;Emmanuel Macron, compte tenu des atouts et des contraintes de la France, n&rsquo;est certainement pas d\u00e9nu\u00e9e d&rsquo;arguments. Mais apporte-t-elle aux utilisateurs une killer app r\u00e9elle?<\/p>\n<p>Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;une killer app? Une killer app est une application num\u00e9rique qui domine, voire \u00e9limine compl\u00e8tement du march\u00e9 ses rivales, typiquement en tuant les pain points des utilisateurs, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire leurs probl\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n<p>Il est certainement vrai que la protection des droits des utilisateurs de plateformes digitales n&rsquo;est aujourd&rsquo;hui pas satisfaisante.<\/p>\n<p>Mais sur quoi l&rsquo;\u00e9volution de la protection de ces droits repose-t-elle? N&rsquo;est-ce pas dans le fait de la concurrence qui oppose entre elles les diff\u00e9rentes plateformes \u2014 non seulement les diff\u00e9rentes plateformes am\u00e9ricaines entre elles, mais aussi, de plus en plus, les plateformes am\u00e9ricaines et chinoises? Si tel est le cas, alors le risque est celui de voir la strat\u00e9gie de souverainet\u00e9 digitale europ\u00e9enne s&rsquo;\u00e9garer dans l&rsquo;illusion de sa propre sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 \u00e9thique.<\/p>\n<p>Dit autrement : que les normes \u00e9voluent ou pas dans le sens de la protection des utilisateurs et de la conformit\u00e9 \u00e0 des normes \u00e9thiques pourrait bien \u00eatre en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 une question orthogonale \u00e0 celle de la souverainet\u00e9 digitale.<\/p>\n<p>Mais dire cela, c&rsquo;est aussi reconna\u00eetre que le fait d&rsquo;afficher une position \u00e9thique forte n&rsquo;interdit par ailleurs en rien de mener\u00a0 une politique de souverainet\u00e9 digitale efficace.<\/p>\n<p>Il conviendra par la suite de suivre attentivement l&rsquo;\u00e9volution du projet J.E.D.I. (Joint European Disruptive Investment), qui propose de r\u00e9aliser l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalent de la DARPA en Europe. C\u00e9dric Villani a not\u00e9 dans son rapport l&rsquo;int\u00e9r\u00eat d&rsquo;une telle structure conjointe r\u00e9unissant \u00e0 la fois des acteurs fran\u00e7ais et allemands.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14&Prime; background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb global_module=\u00a0\u00bb7929&Prime;][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime;][et_pb_post_nav global_parent=\u00a0\u00bb7929&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14&Prime; in_same_term=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1&Prime; title_font=\u00a0\u00bb|800|||||||\u00a0\u00bb title_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb title_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb16px\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb10px|10px|10px|10px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1&Prime; border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|4px|4px|4px|4px\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le fait d&rsquo;afficher une position \u00e9thique forte n&rsquo;interdit par ailleurs en rien de mener  une politique de souverainet\u00e9 digitale efficace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6685,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<p>President Macron recently\u00a0shared some details of the\u00a0artificial intelligence strategy adopted by France, following the publication of the Villani report, which underlines the absolutely crucial nature of this technological transformation.<\/p><h4>A typically French \"meta\" strategy<\/h4><p>Emmanuel Macron is seeking to counter the deindustrialization of\u00a0France\u00a0by restoring, together with Germany and other partners, the technological basis of European sovereignty.<\/p><p>The first step in this strategy is to increase the attractiveness of France for foreign players, who find here both human capital and a favorable investment environment. Recent announcements from Google, Fujitsu and Samsung suggest that this step is on track to be completed.<\/p><p>Instead of looting the pool of\u00a0French\u00a0human capital by importing talent, Silicon Valley is invited to set up satellites in France directly.<\/p><p>Emmanuel Macron hopes to gradually transform the balance of power with giant platforms in this manner, by integrating them into a European ecosystem that is increasingly capable of imposing its own standards on its participants. This is the second step of this strategy: to subject the players established in France and in Europe to French and European standards.<\/p><p>The specificity of Europe, according to Emmanuel Macron, is that European collective choices are not determined exclusively by private actors, as in the US, nor subject to values foreign to human rights, as in China.<\/p><p>This AI strategy is part of a broader vision of the foundation and protection of a national and European cohesion system.<\/p><p>The key moment of the second stage of this strategy lies, on the one hand, in the emergence of artificial intelligence actors specialized in evaluation and prescription, and on the other hand in the emergence of digital commons and sovereign European platforms.<\/p><p>This is a \"meta\" strategy: it is based on the prescription of regulatory standards for a given area based not on a competitive position within the domain in question, but on the defense of the general interest. This strategy has an antecedent in another area: financial globalization. Rawi Abdelal notably analyzed the role of a group of senior French officials in the construction of the regulatory framework of financial globalization during the 1980s.<\/p><p>Since then, the parameters have changed. On the industrial front, it should be noted that the construction of new nuclear submarines by France is now subject to US approval, due to the transfer of the turbine business\u00a0formerly managed by Alstom to GE.<\/p><p>Emmanuel Macron's identified four focus areas for French AI applications: health, transportation, ecology and defense.<\/p><p>These four areas are each part\u00a0of industry 4.0 and industrial digital. C\u00e9dric Villani said he sees OVH as a good candidate for a European sovereign cloud. This company is indeed one of the rare successes of European entrepreneurship in this field, following two monumental failures led by major established players.<\/p><p>OVH is already following a global presence strategy, adapting to local constraints, while taking care to\u00a0manage data according to local\u00a0jurisdictions.<\/p><h4>Critical appraisal of the strategy: where is the killer app?<\/h4><p>The strategy of Emmanuel Macron, given the strengths and constraints of France, is certainly not devoid of arguments. But does it bring users a real killer app?<\/p><p>What is a killer app? A killer app is a digital application that dominates, or even eliminates completely from the market its rivals, typically by fixing\u00a0the pain points of the users, that is to say their problems.<\/p><p>It is certainly true that the protection of the rights of users of digital platforms is not satisfactory today.<\/p><p>But\u00a0what causes the protection of these rights to evolve? Is it not the competition between the various platforms - not only the different US platforms competing between themselves, but also, increasingly, the competition between American and Chinese platforms? If this is the case, then the risk is that the strategy of European digital sovereignty will\u00a0dissipate within the illusion of its own ethical superiority.<\/p><p>In other words, whether the standards evolve or not in the sense of user protection and compliance with ethical standards may in fact\u00a0be independent of\u00a0digital sovereignty.<\/p><p>But to say that is also to recognize that displaying a strong ethical position does not in any way preclude the conduct of an effective digital sovereignty policy.<\/p><p>It will be necessary to follow attentively the evolution of the J.E.D.I. (Joint European Disruptive Investment) project, which proposes to realize the equivalent of DARPA in Europe. C\u00e9dric Villani noted in his report the interest of such a joint structure bringing together both French and German actors.<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[82,121,249,405,578,673,717,898,948,1044,1098,1245],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6684"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6684"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6684\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6685"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}