[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text]<\/p>\n
Il y a des h\u00e9ros en mal comme en bien.<\/em><\/p>\n La Rochefoucauld<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Si l’histoire ne se r\u00e9duit pas \u00e0 l’action de grands hommes, il serait cependant illusoire de chercher \u00e0 la comprendre sans s’int\u00e9resser \u00e0 eux. Presans Explore<\/em> s’int\u00e9resse aux h\u00e9ros de la disruption<\/em>, comme le montre la r\u00e9organisation r\u00e9cente de nos cat\u00e9gories de contenu. Des gens comme Elon Musk. Comme Xavier Niel. Comme Jeff Bezos.<\/p>\n Ou comme Bill Gates. Quel est le fil conducteur de la carri\u00e8re, encore active, de cet entrepreneur devenu philanthrope?<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n La rivalit\u00e9 entre Bill Gates et Steve Jobs pendant les ann\u00e9es 1980 et 1990 est l\u00e9gendaire. D’un c\u00f4t\u00e9, une strat\u00e9gie de march\u00e9 qui d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but a voulu rompre avec l’esprit de partage de la communaut\u00e9 des hackers. De l’autre, le charisme et la ferveur collective autour d’une marque ax\u00e9e sur la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9.<\/p>\n Pendant les ann\u00e9es 1990, la domination \u00e9crasante du syst\u00e8me d’exploitation de Microsoft fit fr\u00f4ler la faillite \u00e0 Apple. Bill Gates et Steve Jobs avaient n\u00e9anmoins \u00e9t\u00e9 proches par le pass\u00e9.<\/p>\n Au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1980, Gates \u00e9tait occup\u00e9 \u00e0 concevoir le langage de programmation pour l’Apple II. Microsoft avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 cr\u00e9\u00e9 des langages pour diverses startups produisant des ordinateurs, mais cela ne d\u00e9rangeait pas Jobs de travailler avec des fournisseurs non exclusifs. \u00c0 l’\u00e9poque c’\u00e9tait Apple qui \u00e9tait plus de trente fois plus gros que Microsoft. Le Mac, avec son interface graphique r\u00e9volutionnaire, \u00e9tait sur le point de sortir. Jobs voulait que Gates r\u00e9alise des versions pour Mac de Microsoft Office et Microsoft Excel. Gates accepta et fut initi\u00e9 au syst\u00e8me d’exploitation Mac. Il devint l’ami et le complice de Jobs.<\/p>\n Mais le Mac tardait \u00e0 sortir, IBM prenait de l’avance, et Gates connaissait d\u00e9sormais les secrets techniques de l’interface graphique. En 1984, le Mac allait enfin arriver, mais l’accord d’exclusivit\u00e9 entre Apple et Microsoft \u00e9tait sur le point d’expirer. En novembre 1983, Gates annon\u00e7a que l’interface graphique du Mac serait \u00e9galement disponible sur le nouveau syst\u00e8me d’exploitation Microsoft pour IBM PC.<\/p>\n Jobs fit venir Gates \u00e0 son QG et l’accusa de vol. La r\u00e9plique de Bill Gates est fameuse : \u00ab\u00a0Steve, je pense plut\u00f4t que nous avions un riche voisin nomm\u00e9 Xerox, que je suis entr\u00e9 chez lui par effraction pour voler le t\u00e9l\u00e9viseur, et que j’ai d\u00e9couvert que tu l’avais d\u00e9j\u00e0 vol\u00e9.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n Le succ\u00e8s grandissant du World Wide Web<\/em> vers le milieu des ann\u00e9es 1990 entra\u00eena une remise en question du mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique de Microsoft. Comme chacun sait ce mod\u00e8le \u00e9tait essentiellement bas\u00e9 sur la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me d’exploitation dominant pour PC. L’explosion de l’Internet entra\u00eena le retour en force de la culture des hackers, favorable \u00e0 l’ouverture et au partage.<\/p>\n Les hackers furent aussi les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires indirects des efforts entrepris par d’autres acteurs, commerciaux et publics, pour contrer le monopole de Microsoft. Car si la domination \u00e9crasante de Microsoft fit de Gates l’homme officiellement le plus riche de la plan\u00e8te, elle conduisit aussi le gouvernement am\u00e9ricain, ainsi que la Commission europ\u00e9enne, \u00e0 intenter contre Microsoft des proc\u00e8s pour monopole et abus de pouvoir de march\u00e9.<\/p>\n Quand il apprit que Bill Gates se consacrerait d\u00e9sormais \u00e0 la philanthropie, Steve Jobs affirma que ce changement d’univers \u00e9tait assez logique, puisque selon lui Bill Gates \u00ab\u00a0n’avait rien de vraiment cr\u00e9atif \u00e0 faire de son temps\u00a0\u00bb. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 semble plut\u00f4t \u00eatre que la reconnaissance sociale dont jouissait \u00e0 ce moment Bill Gates n’\u00e9tait pas \u00e0 la hauteur de son immense fortune. Il n’est pas \u00e9tonnant que Steve Jobs, habitu\u00e9 \u00e0 susciter l’effervescence des foules, ait manqu\u00e9 cette motivation pourtant profond\u00e9ment humaine chez Gates.<\/p>\n L’autre aspect que Steve Jobs ne semble pas avoir per\u00e7u, c’est que Bill Gates n’a pas simplement op\u00e9r\u00e9 une reconversion pour \u00eatre un participant parmi d’autres dans la philanthropie. Dans ce domaine aussi, il a r\u00e9\u00e9crit les r\u00e8gles du jeu.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n La d\u00e9cision de Bill Gates de consacrer l’essentiel de sa fortune \u00e0 l’am\u00e9lioration du monde a transform\u00e9 le secteur de la philanthropie en moins de deux d\u00e9cennies. \u00c0 la diff\u00e9rence des philanthropes du pass\u00e9, Gates mobilise toute son \u00e9nergie personnelle pour diriger et fa\u00e7onner directement selon ses id\u00e9es les activit\u00e9s philanthropiques financ\u00e9es par sa fondation. Cette approche a par la suite \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9e par d’autres multimilliardaires, tels que Warren Buffett, George Soros, ou Ted Turner.<\/p>\n La philanthropie se distingue de la charit\u00e9 par l’ambition d’agir sur les causes profondes des probl\u00e8mes qu’elle se donne \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre. Bill Gates a par ailleurs orient\u00e9 ses efforts non pas selon un crit\u00e8re de proximit\u00e9, comme c’est le cas pour le bienfaiteur d’une ville lorsqu’il en est originaire, ou encore pour un philanthrope qui financerait la recherche autour d’une maladie qui le concernerait \u2014 mais selon un crit\u00e8re d’impact appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 l’ensemble de la plan\u00e8te. Fid\u00e8le \u00e0 la devise selon laquelle \u00ab\u00a0toutes les vies ont la m\u00eame valeur\u00a0\u00bb, la Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation cible ainsi d\u00e8s l’origine la majeure partie de ses efforts sur la r\u00e9duction de la mortalit\u00e9 infantile en Afrique : \u201cL\u2019unit\u00e9 de mesure de notre succ\u00e8s est le nombre de vies sauv\u00e9es, le nombre d\u2019enfants qui ne sont pas handicap\u00e9s par la maladie. C\u2019est diff\u00e9rent du nombre d\u2019unit\u00e9s vendues ou du profit r\u00e9alis\u00e9. Mais c\u2019est tout aussi mesurable et vous pouvez d\u00e9terminer un objectif ambitieux et \u00e9valuer comment vous r\u00e9ussissez\u201d (Bill Gates dans un entretien avec Forbes<\/em>).<\/p>\n Selon Laurent Alexandre, Bill Gates serait le plus grand h\u00e9ros du XXI\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, ayant sauv\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 sa fondation des dizaines de millions de vies depuis 2000, et contribuant \u00e0 une future \u00ab\u00a0explosion du QI des Africains\u00a0\u00bb (La Guerre des intelligences<\/em>).<\/p>\n Bill Gates est fondamentalement un optimiste. Son livre pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 est Enlightenment Now<\/em> de Steven Pinker, qui vise \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer \u00e0 travers quinze statistiques la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du progr\u00e8s accompli par l’humanit\u00e9. Un autre de ses auteurs pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s est Vaclav Smil, r\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans le domaine de l’histoire de l’\u00e9nergie \u2014\u00a0un secteur dont Bill Gates contribue aussi \u00e0 financer l’innovation.<\/p>\n \u00c0 propos de la conqu\u00eate spatiale remise \u00e0 la mode par Elon Musk et Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates a dit en 2013 qu’il ne percevait pas en quoi cette activit\u00e9 avait un rapport avec l’am\u00e9lioration de l’\u00e9tat de l’humanit\u00e9 : \u00ab\u00a0Je suppose que c’est amusant d’envoyer des fus\u00e9es dans les airs. Mais ce n’est pas domaine dans lequel je mettrai de l’argent.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Il y a un fil conducteur \u00e9vident dans la carri\u00e8re de Bill Gates : la r\u00e9ussite. Mais nous en voyons aussi un deuxi\u00e8me : la conviction selon laquelle c’est le software qui doit primer, en informatique comme en anthropologie.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14″ background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb global_module=\u00a0\u00bb7929″][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_post_nav global_parent=\u00a0\u00bb7929″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14″ in_same_term=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1″ title_font=\u00a0\u00bb|800|||||||\u00a0\u00bb title_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb title_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb16px\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb10px|10px|10px|10px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1″ border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|4px|4px|4px|4px\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Si l’histoire ne se r\u00e9duit pas \u00e0 l’action de grands hommes, il serait cependant illusoire de chercher \u00e0 la comprendre sans s’int\u00e9resser \u00e0 eux.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":5684,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":" There are heroes in evil and in good.<\/i><\/p> La Rochefoucauld<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> If history is not reduced to the action of great men, it would be illusory to try to understand it without being interested in them. Presans Explore is interested in the heroes of disruption, as shown by the recent reorganization of our content categories. People like Elon Musk. Like Xavier Niel. Like Jeff Bezos.<\/p> Or like Bill Gates. What is the main theme of the career, still active, of this entrepreneur turned philanthropist?<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> The rivalry between Bill Gates and Steve Jobs during the 1980s and 1990s is legendary. On the one hand, a market strategy that from the beginning wanted to break with the spirit of sharing of the hacker community. On the other, the charisma and collective fervor around a brand focused on creativity.<\/p> During the 1990s, the overwhelming dominance of Microsoft's operating system sent Apple close to bankruptcy. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs had nevertheless been close in the past.<\/p> In the early 1980s, Gates was busy designing the programming language for the Apple II. Microsoft had already created languages \u200b\u200bfor various startups that produced computers, but it did not bother Jobs to work with non-proprietary vendors. At the time it was Apple that was over thirty times bigger than Microsoft. The Mac, with its revolutionary graphical interface, was about to come out. Jobs wanted Gates to make Mac versions of Microsoft Office and Microsoft Excel. Gates accepted and was introduced to the Mac operating system. He became the friend and accomplice of Jobs.<\/p> But the Mac was slow to come out, IBM was getting ahead, and Gates now knew the technical secrets of the GUI. In 1984, the Mac would finally arrive, but the exclusive deal between Apple and Microsoft was about to expire. In November 1983, Gates announced that the Mac GUI would also be available on the new Microsoft operating system for IBM PC.<\/p> Jobs brought Gates to his headquarters and accused him of theft. The replica of Bill Gates is famous: \"Steve, I think rather that we had a rich neighbor named Xerox, that I broke into his house to steal the TV, and that I discovered that you had already stolen. \"<\/p> The growing success of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s led to a questioning of Microsoft's business model. As everyone knows this model was essentially based on the dominant operating system ownership for PC. The explosion of the Internet led to the return of the hacker culture, in favor of openness and sharing.<\/p> Hackers were also the indirect beneficiaries of the efforts made by other actors, commercial and public, to counter Microsoft's monopoly. For if Microsoft's overwhelming dominance made Gates the world's richest man on the planet, it also led the US government, as well as the European Commission, to sue Microsoft for monopoly and abuse of market power.<\/p> When he learned that Bill Gates would now devote himself to philanthropy, Steve Jobs said that this change of world was quite logical, since according to him Bill Gates \"was not really creative to do his time\". The reality seems to be that the social recognition enjoyed by Bill Gates at the time was not up to his immense fortune. It is not surprising that Steve Jobs, accustomed to arouse the excitement of crowds, missed this motivation yet deeply human at Gates.<\/p> The other aspect that Steve Jobs does not seem to have perceived is that Bill Gates did not simply make a conversion to be a participant among others in philanthropy. In this area too, he rewrote the rules of the game.<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> Bill Gates' decision to devote most of his fortune to improving the world has transformed the philanthropy sector in less than two decades. Unlike the philanthropists of the past, Gates mobilizes all his personal energy to lead and shape directly according to his ideas the philanthropic activities funded by his foundation. This approach was later adopted by other multibillionaires, such as Warren Buffett, George Soros, or Ted Turner.<\/p> Philanthropy is distinguished from charity by its ambition to act on the root causes of the problems it sets itself to solve. Bill Gates has also focused his efforts not on a criterion of proximity, as is the case for the benefactor of a city when it comes from, or for a philanthropist who would fund research around an illness which would concern him - but according to an impact criterion applied to the whole planet. True to the motto that \"all lives have the same value\", the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been focusing from the outset most of its efforts on reducing child mortality in Africa: \"The unit of measurement of our success is the number of lives saved, the number of children who are not disabled by the disease. It is different from the number of units sold or the profit made. But it's just as measurable and you can set an ambitious goal and evaluate how successful you are \"(Bill Gates in an interview with Forbes).<\/p> According to Laurent Alexandre, Bill Gates is the greatest hero of the twenty-first century, having saved tens of millions of lives thanks to his foundation since 2000, and contributing to a future \"explosion of IQ Africans\" (The War of Intelligences).<\/p> Bill Gates is basically an optimist. His favorite book is Steven Pinker's Enlightenment Now, which aims to demonstrate through fifteen statistics the reality of humanity's progress. Another favorite author is Vaclav Smil, a leader in the field of energy history - a sector Bill Gates also helps fund innovation.<\/p> Speaking of the space conquest fashionable by Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos, Bill Gates said in 2013 that he did not perceive how this activity had anything to do with improving the state of humanity: \" I guess it's fun to send rockets in the air, but this is not the area where I'll put money. \"<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> \u00a0<\/p> There is an obvious thread in Bill Gates' career: success. But we also see a second one: the conviction that it is the software which must prevail, in computer science as in anthropology.<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[182,794],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5682"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5682"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5682\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5682"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5682"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5682"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Introduction<\/h1>\n
1. Bill Gates le hacker f\u00e9lon<\/h1>\n
2. Bill Gates le philanthrope \u00e9clair\u00e9<\/h1>\n
Conclusion : le primat du software<\/h1>\n
Introduction<\/h1>
1. Bill Gates the hacker<\/h1>
2. Bill Gates the enlightened philanthropist<\/h1>
Conclusion : the primacy of software<\/h1>