{"id":5597,"date":"2018-05-08T06:44:20","date_gmt":"2018-05-08T05:44:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/?p=5597"},"modified":"2018-05-08T06:44:20","modified_gmt":"2018-05-08T05:44:20","slug":"six-quick-insights-on-the-autonomous-vehicle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/2018\/05\/08\/six-quick-insights-on-the-autonomous-vehicle\/","title":{"rendered":"Six aper\u00e7us rapides sur le v\u00e9hicule autonome"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime;][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14&Prime; background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Cette <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9ERN59lw1Gc&amp;t=2070s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fiche technologique sur les v\u00e9hicules autonomes<\/a> synth\u00e9tise quelques faits jug\u00e9s significatifs par nos Fellows dans le cadre de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 Presans Platform.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>1. Qu&rsquo;est-ce que le v\u00e9hicule autonome?<\/h4>\n<p>Le v\u00e9hicule autonome fait partie d&rsquo;une famille d&rsquo;\u00e9volutions r\u00e9sultant de l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de nouvelles technologies issues de l&rsquo;\u00e9lectronique, la communication, l&rsquo;informatique, l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle dans les syst\u00e8mes de transport.<\/p>\n<p>La caract\u00e9risation du v\u00e9hicule autonome se heurte aujourd&rsquo;hui au fait que son \u00e9volution n&rsquo;est pas encore stabilis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Un v\u00e9hicule 100% autonome d\u00e9signe un v\u00e9hicule enti\u00e8rement pilot\u00e9 par une intelligence artificielle. Il est capable de se diriger seul, d&rsquo;interagir avec son environnement pour adapter sa conduite en fonction des situations. Il est capable de se d\u00e9placer d&rsquo;une origine \u00e0 une destination sans intervention humaine.<\/p>\n<p>Aucune r\u00e9alisation actuelle dans le domaine automobile n&rsquo;est pleinement autonome dans tous les cas de figure r\u00e9els. Les v\u00e9hicules de s\u00e9rie int\u00e8grent progressivement des technologies et des dispositifs d&rsquo;aide \u00e0 la conduite, qui n\u00e9cessitent encore l&rsquo;intervention humaine mais donnent un avant-go\u00fbt de la voiture autonome. Les t\u00e2ches pouvant \u00eatre ainsi d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9es \u00e0 la machine sont par exemple la r\u00e9gulation de la vitesse, le freinage d&rsquo;urgence, le maintien en trajectoire, l&rsquo;action de garer le v\u00e9hicule, ou l&rsquo;action de rouler \u00e0 faible vitesse dans un bouchon. Le conducteur peut et doit, en vertu de la r\u00e9glementation, \u00eatre capable \u00ab\u00a0\u00e0 chaque instant\u00a0\u00bb de reprendre le contr\u00f4le.<\/p>\n<h4>2.\u00a0Les cinq niveaux d&rsquo;autonomie<\/h4>\n<p>Une norme internationale a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finie pour les v\u00e9hicules automobiles par la SAE, elle fixe six niveaux d&rsquo;automatisation, de 0 \u00e0 5. Le niveau 0 correspond au v\u00e9hicule traditionnel, qui ne dispose pas de fonctions automatis\u00e9es. Le niveau 5 correspond \u00e0 la conduite int\u00e9gralement automatis\u00e9e, sans conducteur\u00a0: le v\u00e9hicule ne dispose plus de p\u00e9dale ou de volant. Les niveaux de 1 \u00e0 4 int\u00e8grent progressivement des fonctions d&rsquo;assistance \u00e0 la conduite (ADAS), puis des syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;information du conducteur et de reprise en mains par le conducteur pendant les phases de d\u00e9l\u00e9gation de conduite.<\/p>\n<p>Du point de vue l\u00e9gislatif, la transition critique se situe au niveau 3, o\u00f9 la conduite est automatis\u00e9e dans des situations d\u00e9finies, en restant sous le contr\u00f4le permanent du conducteur\u00a0: celui-ci doit pouvoir reprendre la main \u00ab\u00a0instantan\u00e9ment\u00a0\u00bb si n\u00e9cessaire. Ce point introduit le probl\u00e8me de la r\u00e9partition des r\u00f4les entre l&rsquo;homme et la machine, notamment sur le plan de l&rsquo;interface homme-machine.<\/p>\n<p>Au niveau 4, la conduite est automatis\u00e9e dans des situations d\u00e9finies, sans contr\u00f4le du conducteur et sans reprise en main par le conducteur.<\/p>\n<h4>3. Les briques technologiques<\/h4>\n<p>La premi\u00e8re brique est constitu\u00e9e de l\u2019ensemble des capteurs et cam\u00e9ras, dispos\u00e9s autour du v\u00e9hicule, destin\u00e9s \u00e0 mesurer, comprendre et interpr\u00e9ter l&rsquo;environnement mat\u00e9riel, visuel et dynamique dans lequel se d\u00e9place le v\u00e9hicule. Les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes capt\u00e9s incluent les signaux du spectre visuel (y compris les infra-rouges) et les ultra-sons. Cette couche de capteurs est compl\u00e9t\u00e9e par une couche de transducteurs d\u2019informations exog\u00e8nes selon des protocoles de communication de type V2X.<\/p>\n<p>La seconde brique est celle des processeurs permettant l&rsquo;analyse en temps r\u00e9el des donn\u00e9es fournies par les capteurs, afin de produire une repr\u00e9sentation de l&rsquo;environnement permettant de prendre les d\u00e9cisions d\u2019intervention en temps r\u00e9el sur le comportement longitudinal et lat\u00e9ral du v\u00e9hicule. L&rsquo;exigence du temps r\u00e9el entra\u00eene le d\u00e9veloppement d&rsquo;architectures \u00e9lectro-informatiques extr\u00eamement sophistiqu\u00e9es. Le probl\u00e8me des informations compl\u00e9mentaires, non visuelles, que le v\u00e9hicule devrait pouvoir recevoir de son environnement ext\u00e9rieur, comprenant les autres v\u00e9hicules, les infrastructures, ou encore les pi\u00e9tons, reste actuellement ouvert.<\/p>\n<p>La troisi\u00e8me brique concerne l&rsquo;interface homme-machine, dont les exigences de performance sont tr\u00e8s sensibles au niveau d&rsquo;autonomie requise, et qui mobilise des technologies psycho-sensorielles diverses, visuelles, acoustiques, haptiques, vibratoires etc. L&rsquo;interface doit optimiser l&rsquo;ergonomie cognitive et minimiser la charge mentale du conducteur, surtout pour l\u2019autonomie de niveau 3.<\/p>\n<p>La quatri\u00e8me brique technologique est celle du design int\u00e9rieur, que l&rsquo;autonomie de niveau 4 et 5 am\u00e8ne \u00e0 revoir compl\u00e8tement en prenant en compte de nouveaux probl\u00e8mes de confort de la vie \u00e0 bord, ainsi que des usages innovants du temps de transport, devenu disponible.<\/p>\n<h4>4. Les acteurs<\/h4>\n<p>Le paysage des acteurs du v\u00e9hicule autonome \u00e9volue rapidement au gr\u00e9 des partenariats, des projets et des positionnements de march\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Les constructeurs automobiles : tous les grands constructeurs, tels que GM, Ford, Toyota, Renault, PSA, Volvo, BMW\u00a0, &#8230; mais aussi de nouveaux constructeurs comme Tesla, qui mixe v\u00e9hicule \u00e9lectrique et autonome. Ces acteurs investissent en R&amp;D interne et rach\u00e8tent des startups sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es. Ils sont partenaires sur certains projets communs. Les constructeurs de v\u00e9hicules industriels investissent \u00e9galement dans leurs applications sp\u00e9cifiques (platooning, acc\u00e8s aux plateformes logistiques).<\/p>\n<p>Les \u00e9quipementiers : Bosch, Faurecia, Valeo, Continental, qui concentrent beaucoup d&rsquo;innovation et de technologie sur les syst\u00e8mes v\u00e9hicules embarqu\u00e9s, sur l&rsquo;\u00e9lectronique, la localisation, et les int\u00e9rieurs. Ils d\u00e9veloppent des briques technologiques de la voiture autonome et poss\u00e8dent des processus industriels pour la production en masse dont ne disposent pas les startups ni les g\u00e9ants du num\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n<p>Les g\u00e9ants du num\u00e9rique : Google, Apple, Baidu et d&rsquo;autres. Ils se positionnent sur l&rsquo;analyse massifi\u00e9e des donn\u00e9es, la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des informations et l&rsquo;usage de ces informations pour \u00e9tablir des strat\u00e9gies de v\u00e9hicules autonomes, avec des tests de v\u00e9hicules, des syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;exploitation, des interfaces utilisateurs, des services connect\u00e9s et des d\u00e9veloppements de plateformes servicielles.<\/p>\n<p>Les fournisseurs d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ments de syst\u00e8mes : constructeurs de puces, processeurs, de syst\u00e8mes de communication.<\/p>\n<p>Les g\u00e9ants de la mobilit\u00e9 et leurs startups : Amazon, Uber, Lyft, Ali Baba. Ils d\u00e9veloppement des concepts de flottes de taxis sans chauffeurs, de drones de transport de marchandises.<\/p>\n<p>Une multitude de startups ax\u00e9es sur des besoins sp\u00e9cifiques de la voiture autonome : cartographie, cam\u00e9ras intelligentes, capteurs, intelligence artificielle, deep learning.<\/p>\n<p>Dans cet ensemble, la visibilit\u00e9 de Tesla est ind\u00e9niable, notamment depuis la survenue en 2016 du premier accident mortel en route ouverte \u00e0 bord d&rsquo;une voiture Tesla circulant en mode autonome AutoPilot. D\u2019autres accidents mortels sont survenus depuis, impliquant \u00e9galement d\u2019autres constructeurs.<\/p>\n<h4>5. Probl\u00e8mes \u00e9thiques et ergonomiques<\/h4>\n<p>Un tel accident semble en-effet contredire la finalit\u00e9 premi\u00e8re du v\u00e9hicule autonome, qui r\u00e9side dans l&rsquo;am\u00e9lioration de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 routi\u00e8re. On estime que 80% des accidents routiers sont caus\u00e9s en partie ou compl\u00e8tement par les conducteurs.<\/p>\n<p>Le comportement du v\u00e9hicule autonome doit ob\u00e9ir \u00e0 des principes clairs et compr\u00e9hensibles, issus d&rsquo;une \u00e9thique robuste. Les accidents mortels li\u00e9s aux exp\u00e9rimentations en cours soulignent ce probl\u00e8me, d&rsquo;autant plus que ces exp\u00e9rimentations sont soumises \u00e0 des conditions restrictives, et impliquent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des professionnels form\u00e9s. Les autorisations de mener des exp\u00e9rimentations sont d\u00e9livr\u00e9es au niveau des \u00e9tats. Aux USA, chaque \u00e9tat \u00e9dicte ses r\u00e8gles. L&rsquo;Europe a formul\u00e9 ses propres r\u00e8gles d&rsquo;autorisation de circulation de v\u00e9hicules autonomes, \u00e9galement d\u00e9livr\u00e9es au niveau des \u00e9tats. En Chine ou dans certaines villes existent des r\u00e9glementations locales, provisoires, permettant de laisser la main \u00e0 des exp\u00e9rimentations sous r\u00e9serve de conditions : le v\u00e9hicule doit pouvoir \u00eatre supervis\u00e9 par un op\u00e9rateur pouvant reprendre la main rapidement&#8230; Mais que signifie \u00ab\u00a0rapidement\u00a0\u00bb? La question est ouverte. Les conducteurs peuvent pr\u00e9senter une grande diversit\u00e9 de comportements dans ce type de situation, avec de grandes diff\u00e9rences de performance d&rsquo;un conducteur, d&rsquo;un instant, d&rsquo;un environnement de conduite \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre.<\/p>\n<p>Une question \u00e9thique est soulev\u00e9e lorsque le v\u00e9hicule doit d\u00e9cider en cas d&rsquo;accident in\u00e9vitable comment en minimiser ses cons\u00e9quences. Les d\u00e9cisions de ce type peuvent porter sur la mort des passagers du v\u00e9hicule.<\/p>\n<h4>6. \u00c9tat des lieux en 2018<\/h4>\n<p>Les premiers tests de voitures personnelles et de camions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s vers le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000. Les Google Cars ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 circuler en 2009. En France, Renault et PSA ont introduit depuis 2015 plusieurs prototypes de voitures qui circulent en mode partiellement autonome. Un v\u00e9hicule \u00e9quip\u00e9 par Valeo a circul\u00e9 sur le boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique parisien. Le v\u00e9hicule Renault a travers\u00e9 la Place de l&rsquo;\u00c9toile pour tester les conditions d&rsquo;autonomie en environnement difficile. Il y a des exp\u00e9rimentations de Volvo \u00e0 G\u00f6teborg, d&rsquo;Uber aux USA. La Californie et la Chine sont deux zones particuli\u00e8rement actives.<\/p>\n<p>On commence aujourd&rsquo;hui \u00e0 avoir un ensemble de v\u00e9hicules exp\u00e9rimentaux qui circulent avec du retour d&rsquo;exp\u00e9rience et avec notamment l&rsquo;analyse des incidents potentiels pouvant survenir, permettant de mieux identifier les probl\u00e8mes technologiques et situationnels, et de construire des scenarios de situations critiques.<\/p>\n<p>Des v\u00e9hicules sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s (comme les navettes autonomes de Navya ou EasyMile) int\u00e9gralement autonomes circulent sur certains sites publics. Mais la mise en circulation de ces v\u00e9hicules sur route ouverte est aujourd&rsquo;hui interdite par la Convention de Vienne, qui impose la pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;un conducteur ma\u00eetre \u00e0 bord de son v\u00e9hicule. Les exp\u00e9rimentations d\u00e9rogent \u00e0 cette r\u00e8gle et ne peuvent \u00eatre men\u00e9es que dans des conditions d&rsquo;accord au cas par cas avec les autorit\u00e9s, qui d\u00e9livrent des autorisations renouvelables.<\/p>\n<p>Un autre probl\u00e8me qui a \u00e9merg\u00e9 avec la complexit\u00e9 croissante des syst\u00e8mes embarqu\u00e9s est celui de la cybercriminalit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>De groupes de travail internationaux sont charg\u00e9s de r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir aux questions juridiques, telles celle de la responsabilit\u00e9 en cas d&rsquo;accident\u00a0: comment l\u2019appr\u00e9hender et la d\u00e9cortiquer ou la r\u00e9partir, entre le constructeur, l(es) \u00e9quipementier(s), les acteurs (usager, superviseur, gestionnaire d\u2019infrastructure&#8230;) intervenant dans l&rsquo;interaction entre le v\u00e9hicule, ses occupants, son environnement? La question reste ouverte et ne fait pas l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;un consensus de la part des compagnies d&rsquo;assurance. Un constructeur tel que Volvo se d\u00e9marque en annon\u00e7ant que les accidents impliquant ses v\u00e9hicules autonomes seraient enti\u00e8rement pris en charge par leur constructeur. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 quel point\u00a0?<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_post_nav _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14&Prime; prev_text=\u00a0\u00bbPrevious article\u00a0\u00bb next_text=\u00a0\u00bbNext article\u00a0\u00bb in_same_term=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1&Prime; title_font=\u00a0\u00bb|800|||||||\u00a0\u00bb title_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb title_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb15px\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb10px|10px|10px|10px\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|5px|5px|5px|5px\u00a0\u00bb border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb1px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1&Prime; saved_tabs=\u00a0\u00bball\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb30px|||\u00a0\u00bb global_module=\u00a0\u00bb8506&Prime; \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le v\u00e9hicule autonome fait partie d&rsquo;une famille d&rsquo;\u00e9volutions r\u00e9sultant de l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration de nouvelles technologies issues de l&rsquo;\u00e9lectronique, la communication, l&rsquo;informatique, l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle dans les syst\u00e8mes de transport.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":177,"featured_media":6681,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<h6>This note on autonomous vehicles summarizes some facts deemed significant by our fellows in the context of the Presans Platform activity.<\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4>1. What is the autonomous vehicle?<\/h4><p>The autonomous vehicle is part of a group of evolutions resulting from the integration of new technologies derived from electronics communication Computer science artificial intelligence within transport systems.<\/p><p>Characterizing the economist vehicle is currently hampered by the fact that it's evolution has not yet stabilized.<\/p><p>A 100% autonomous vehicle refers to a vehicle entirely driven by an artificial intelligence. It is able to to steer itself on its own and interact with its environment so as to adapt its driving according to the situation. It is capable of moving from a starting to a finishing point without any human intervention.<\/p><p>No current version elite Automobile domain it's fully autonomous in all real-world scenarios. Car series are progressively integrating the technology and apparatuses for driving assistance. These still require human intervention but given a foretaste of an autonomous vehicle. Tasks that can be delegated to the machine are for instance speed regulation, emergency braking, maintenance of the trajectory, parking the vehicle, and slow driving in traffic. The driver can and must, due to regulation, be able to take over \"at any moment\" .<\/p><h4>2. Five levels of autonomy<\/h4><p>An international standard has been defined for motor vehicles by the SAE. It sets six levels of automation, from 0 to 5. Level 0 corresponds to a traditional vehicle, whithout any automation. Level 5 corresponds to a fully automated, driverless vehicle, without any pedals or steering wheel. Levels 1-4 gradually integrate Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) as well as information and handover systems during when driving is delegated to the driver.<\/p><p>From the legislative point of view, the critical transition is located in level 3, where the permanent driver is kept: he must be able to take back the main \"never\". The point of the division of roles between man and machine, especially in terms of the man-machine interface.<\/p><p>At level 4, the driving is automatic in specific situations piloted without needing driver control or recovery by the driver.<\/p><h4>3. The technological bricks<\/h4><p>The first brick consists of the set of sensors and cameras placed around the vehicle to measure, understand and interpret the vehicle's material, visual, and dynamic environment. The observed phenomenon include signals from the visual spectrum (including infrared) and ultrasound. This layer of sensors is completed by a later of exogenous information transducers as specified by V2X type communication protocols.<\/p><p>The second brick is that of the processors allowing for real-time analysis of the data captured by the sensors, so as to produce a representation of the environment allowing for realtime intervention decisions for the analysis of the data provided by the sensors, in order to produce a representation on the longitudinal and lateral behaviours of the vehicle. The real-time requirement leads to the development of extremely sophisticated in the electronics and computer architectures. The issue of nonvisual, complementary and information, at the vehicle should be able to receive from its exterior environment (including other vehicles, infrastructure, or even pedestrians) is currently unsolved.<\/p><p>The third brick is concerned with the man-machine interface. Its imposed performance is very sensitive to the desired level of autonomy and requires various psycho-sensory technologies: visual, acoustic, haptic, vibratory etc. The interface must optimise cognitive ergonomics and minimize the mental burden of the driver, especially at level 3 autonomy.<\/p><p>The fourth technological brick is that of the interior design, of which level 4 and 5 autonomy lead to a complete review, taking into account new issues of comfort as well as innovative uses of the new time made available.<\/p><h4>4. The Players<\/h4><p>The landscape of the autonomous vehicle players evolves rapidly with partnerships, projects and market positionings.<\/p><p>Car manufacturers: all major manufacturers, such as GM, Ford, Toyota, Renault, PSA, Volvo, BMW, ... but also new manufacturers like Tesla, which combines electric and autonomous vehicle. These players invest in internal R & D and buy specialized startups. They are partners on some common projects. Manufacturers of industrial vehicles also invest in their specific applications (platooning, access to logistics platforms).<\/p><p>Equipment Manufacturers: Bosch, Faurecia, Valeo, Continental, which focus a lot of innovation and technology on embedded vehicle systems, on electronics, localization, and interiors. They develop some of the technological bricks of the autonomous car and have industrial processes for mass production accessible neither to startups nor to digital giants.<\/p><p>The digital giants: Google, Apple, Baidu and others. They focus on the mass analysis of data, the retrieval of information and the use of this information to establish autonomous vehicle strategies, with vehicle tests, operating systems, user interfaces, connected services and the development of service platforms.<\/p><p>Suppliers of system elements: chip makers, processors, communication systems.<\/p><p>Mobility giants and their startups: Amazon, Uber, Lyft, Ali Baba. They develop concepts of taxi fleets without drivers, unmanned freight vehicles.<\/p><p>A multitude of startups focused on the specific needs of the autonomous car: cartography, smart cameras, sensors, artificial intelligence, deep learning.<\/p><p>In this set, Tesla's visibility is undeniable, especially since the first fatal accident occurred in 2016 in open road aboard a Tesla car traveling in autonomous AutoPilot mode. Other fatal accidents have occurred since then, also involving other manufacturers.<\/p><h4>5. Ethical and ergonomic issues<\/h4><p>Such an accident seems to contradict the primary purpose of the autonomous vehicle, which lies in the improvement of road safety. It is estimated that 80% of road accidents are caused in part or completely by drivers.<\/p><p>The behavior of the autonomous vehicle must obey clear and comprehensible principles derived from a robust ethic. Fatal accidents related to current experiments highlight this problem, especially since these experiments are subject to restrictive conditions, and generally involve trained professionals. Authorizations to conduct experiments are issued at the state level. In the USA, each state enacts its rules. Europe has formulated its own autonomous vehicle licensing rules, which are also issued at the state level. In China or in some cities there are local regulations, provisional, allowing to leave the experiment to experiment subject to conditions: the vehicle must be supervised by an operator who can regain control quickly ... But what does \"quickly\" mean? The question is open. Drivers can exhibit a wide variety of behaviors in this type of situation, with great differences in driver performance, timing, and driving environment.<\/p><p>An ethical question arises when the vehicle must decide in the event of an unavoidable accident how to minimize its consequences. Decisions of this type may relate to the death of vehicle passengers.<\/p><h4>6. The situation in 2018<\/h4><p>The first tests of personal cars and trucks were made in the early 2000s. The Google Cars began circulating in 2009. In France, Renault and PSA introduced since 2015 several prototypes of cars that circulate in a partially autonomous mode. A vehicle equipped by Valeo has circulated on the Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique in Paris. The Renault vehicle crossed the Place de l'\u00c9toile to test the conditions of autonomy in a difficult environment. There are Volvo experiments in Gothenburg, Uber in the USA. California and China are two particularly active areas.<\/p><p>We are starting today to have a set of experimental vehicles that circulate with feedback and in particular the analysis of potential incidents that may oc\ncur, to better identify technological and situational problems, and to build scenarios of critical situations. .<\/p><p>Specialized vehicles (such as autonomous Navya or EasyMile shuttles) are running on some public sites. But the entry into circulation of these vehicles on open road is now prohibited by the Vienna Convention, which requires the presence of a master driver in his vehicle. Experiments deviate from this rule and can only be carried out under conditions of agreement on a case-by-case basis with the authorities, which issue revolving licenses.<\/p><p>Another problem that has emerged with the increasing complexity of embedded systems is that of cybercrime.<\/p><p>International working groups are responsible for thinking about legal issues, such as liability in the event of an accident: how to apprehend and decompose or distribute it, between the manufacturer, the equipment manufacturer (s), the actors (user, supervisor, infrastructure manager ...) involved in the interaction between the vehicle, its occupants, its environment? The question remains open and is not the subject of consensus on the part of insurance companies. A manufacturer such as Volvo stands out by announcing that accidents involving its autonomous vehicles would be fully supported by their manufacturer. Until what point ?<\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[121,141,1617],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5597"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/177"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5597"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5597\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6681"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}