{"id":5350,"date":"2018-02-28T18:29:29","date_gmt":"2018-02-28T17:29:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/?p=5350"},"modified":"2018-02-28T18:29:29","modified_gmt":"2018-02-28T17:29:29","slug":"francais-cinq-apercus-rapides-sur-les-applications-industrielles-de-la-theorie-de-la-complexite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/2018\/02\/28\/francais-cinq-apercus-rapides-sur-les-applications-industrielles-de-la-theorie-de-la-complexite\/","title":{"rendered":"Cinq aper\u00e7us rapides sur les applications industrielles de la th\u00e9orie de la complexit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1&Prime;][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime;][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.2.1&Prime;]<\/p>\n<h6>Cette fiche technologique sur les applications industrielles de la th\u00e9orie de la complexit\u00e9 synth\u00e9tise quelques faits jug\u00e9s significatifs par nos Fellows dans le cadre de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 Presans Platform.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4>1. D\u00e9finition<\/h4>\n<p>Les syst\u00e8mes complexes peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9finis comme des syst\u00e8mes comportant un grand nombre de composants, relativement simples mais <strong>interd\u00e9pendants<\/strong>. La compr\u00e9hension et la pr\u00e9vision du comportement de tels syst\u00e8mes peut \u00eatre difficile \u00e0 anticiper ou \u00e0 comprendre m\u00eame lorsque le comportement de chacun des composants constitutifs est simple. L&rsquo;h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 des composants et l&rsquo;\u00e9ventuelle pr\u00e9sence de boucles de r\u00e9troaction rendent plus difficile encore la pr\u00e9diction de leurs comportements, impr\u00e9visibilit\u00e9 encore accentu\u00e9e en pr\u00e9sence de d\u00e9cisions humaines dans les syst\u00e8mes dynamiques.<\/p>\n<p>Il ne faut pas confondre syst\u00e8mes compliqu\u00e9s et syst\u00e8mes complexes. Dans le premier cas la d\u00e9composition du syst\u00e8me en composants simples et stables et aux liens directs permet la pr\u00e9diction \u00e0 travers les m\u00e9thodes analytiques traditionnelles. Dans le cas des syst\u00e8mes complexes, les r\u00e8gles d&rsquo;interaction peuvent \u00e9voluer dans le temps, la connectivit\u00e9 entre les composants peut \u00eatre plastique, ceux-ci r\u00e9pondent et interagissent avec leur environnement, la non lin\u00e9arit\u00e9 et la pr\u00e9sence de boucles de r\u00e9troaction sont fr\u00e9quents&#8230; <strong>Le syst\u00e8me est beaucoup plus que la somme de ses \u00e9l\u00e9ments<\/strong>. La cons\u00e9quence majeure en est la possible apparition de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9mergents non anticip\u00e9s et qui peuvent s&rsquo;av\u00e9rer probl\u00e9matiques dans le fonctionnement de tels syst\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n<h4>2.\u00a0La complexit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes :\u00a0une tendance lourde.<\/h4>\n<p>La prise de d\u00e9cision au sein des syst\u00e8mes industriels et sociaux doit int\u00e9grer de plus en plus d&rsquo;information du fait du nombre croissant de donn\u00e9es pertinentes disponibles et de la compr\u00e9hension de leurs interaction.<\/p>\n<p>Le passage \u00e0 la mod\u00e9lisation complexe est lourd de cons\u00e9quences et exige d&rsquo;\u00eatre d\u00e9cid\u00e9 au plus haut niveau de l&rsquo;ex\u00e9cutif d&rsquo;une entreprise industrielle. En effet un tel passage constitue un r\u00e9el changement de paradigme qui tend \u00e0 heurter les pratiques et les normes \u00e9tablies des \u00e9quipes traditionnellement charg\u00e9es de la mod\u00e9lisation.<\/p>\n<p>En termes g\u00e9ographiques, les principaux centres de comp\u00e9tences reconnus se situent aux USA, en Angleterre et en France, mais de nombreux pays \u00e0 travers les cinq continents travaillent sur ces nouvelles approches.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 l&rsquo;origine de l&rsquo;\u00e9tiquette \u00ab\u00a0syst\u00e8mes complexes\u00a0\u00bb se trouve la volont\u00e9 d&rsquo;un groupe de math\u00e9maticiens de valoriser et d&rsquo;institutionnaliser la valorisation des techniques h\u00e9t\u00e9rodoxes de mod\u00e9lisation.<\/p>\n<h4>3. La mod\u00e9lisation des syst\u00e8mes complexes permet d&rsquo;envisager la gestion de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9mergents.<\/h4>\n<p>Un bon exemple de ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00e9mergent est celui des vagues sc\u00e9l\u00e9rates : depuis longtemps des marins ont signal\u00e9 l&rsquo;existence de vagues g\u00e9antes allant jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 30 m\u00e8tres de haut et relativement peu larges. La mod\u00e9lisation analytique classique ne permettant pas de rendre compte de mani\u00e8re satisfaisante de ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes, on a quelquefois pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 attribuer cela \u00e0 leur imagination ou \u00e0 une certaine exag\u00e9ration. Une approche par les syst\u00e8mes complexes permet d&rsquo;obtenir par simulation de tels ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes &#8230; et donc de valider les faits relat\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>Les tentatives de mod\u00e9lisation traditionnelle d&rsquo;un syst\u00e8me complexe peuvent produire une illusion de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de ma\u00eetrise &#8230; que peut venir briser les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9mergents. Quelques accidents en ont malheureusement \u00e9t\u00e9 l&rsquo;illustration !<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;une des grandes forces des approches de mod\u00e9lisation de type \u00ab\u00a0syst\u00e8mes complexes\u00a0\u00bb est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment d&rsquo;aborder ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes en proposant une science de l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence.<\/p>\n<h4>4. Gravit\u00e9 des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9mergents.<\/h4>\n<p>La ma\u00eetrise des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e9mergents est imp\u00e9rative car ils peuvent typiquement conduire \u00e0 des accidents catastrophiques au sein de moyens de transport, de syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;organisation, de syst\u00e8mes de distribution, d&rsquo;infrastructures ou de syst\u00e8mes industriels &#8230; et avoir un impact humain et\/ou m\u00e9diatique n\u00e9gatif tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9. L&rsquo;effondrement g\u00e9ant du r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique am\u00e9ricain en 2003 en est un parfait exemple.<\/p>\n<p>La mod\u00e9lisation des syst\u00e8mes complexes n\u00e9cessite des analyses tr\u00e8s approfondies. Il faut par exemple penser tr\u00e8s concr\u00e8tement qu&rsquo;un accident au niveau d&rsquo;un syst\u00e8me hydraulique d&rsquo;un engin peut, par contigu\u00eft\u00e9 spatiale, provoquer un court circuit dans un syst\u00e8me \u00e9lectrique proche et avoir des cons\u00e9quences sur un sous syst\u00e8me apparemment ind\u00e9pendant.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant la mod\u00e9lisation permet aussi, plus largement, d&rsquo;optimiser l&rsquo;utilisation des ressources au sein des syst\u00e8mes industriels et sociaux, par exemple en am\u00e9liorant la fluidit\u00e9 sur des r\u00e9seaux de transport.<\/p>\n<h4>5. M\u00e9thodes et domaines d&rsquo;application.<\/h4>\n<p>Les m\u00e9thodes et techniques mobilis\u00e9es par la mod\u00e9lisation en syst\u00e8mes complexes sont nombreuses au carrefour des math\u00e9matiques et de l&rsquo;informatique. Les modes d&rsquo;approche sont multiples : statistiques, logiques, ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nologiques, fonctionnels. Parmi les techniques employ\u00e9es, citons les r\u00e9seaux bay\u00e9siens, les syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 base d&rsquo;agents, et les m\u00e9thodes de flow.<\/p>\n<p>La technique actuellement dominante est l&rsquo;approche par syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 base d&rsquo;agents (<em>agent-based modeling<\/em>). Elle est notamment tr\u00e8s utilis\u00e9e en biologie, o\u00f9 il s&rsquo;agit de faire interagir des cellules voisines et de faire appara\u00eetre des fonctionnements globaux.<\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e9seaux bay\u00e9siens permettent quant \u00e0 eux une excellente prise en compte de l&rsquo;incertitude.<\/p>\n<p>Parmi les domaines d&rsquo;application auxquels la mod\u00e9lisation en syst\u00e8mes complexes est particuli\u00e8rement adapt\u00e9e, il faut compter :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tous les domaines industriels dont le business model ne repose plus sur la vente d&rsquo;une machine, mais bien sur la garantie d&rsquo;un service fonctionnel dont la machine est un sous-jacent g\u00e9r\u00e9 par le fournisseur, et non plus par le client. C&rsquo;est notamment le cas dans l&rsquo;industrie des r\u00e9acteurs pour avions de ligne.<\/li>\n<li>La mod\u00e9lisation de la circulation des v\u00e9hicules dans les grandes villes, o\u00f9 des r\u00e9seaux de transports collectifs tels que le tramway de la ville de Milan.<\/li>\n<li>L&rsquo;urbanisme en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral.<\/li>\n<li>La mod\u00e9lisation de syst\u00e8mes financiers.<\/li>\n<li>La mod\u00e9lisation de grands groupes afin d&rsquo;int\u00e9grer la gestion des \u00e9l\u00e9ments industriels et humains.<\/li>\n<li>La mod\u00e9lisation des probl\u00e8mes de d\u00e9fense, toute arm\u00e9e cherchant \u00e0 \u00eatre au maximum interconnect\u00e9e et \u00e0 fournir \u00e0 ses composantes les meilleures informations.<\/li>\n<li>Le secteur de la logistique, pour par exemple \u00e9viter, ou g\u00e9rer la submersion de centres sous les colis.<\/li>\n<li>Les syst\u00e8mes de production et de distribution d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie.<\/li>\n<li>Les t\u00e9l\u00e9communications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ce type de mod\u00e9lisation semble \u00e9galement incontournable pour les v\u00e9hicules autonomes de l&rsquo;avenir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14&Prime; background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_left\u00a0\u00bb background_repeat=\u00a0\u00bbrepeat\u00a0\u00bb background_size=\u00a0\u00bbinitial\u00a0\u00bb global_module=\u00a0\u00bb7929&Prime;][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4&Prime;][et_pb_post_nav global_parent=\u00a0\u00bb7929&Prime; _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb3.14&Prime; in_same_term=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1&Prime; title_font=\u00a0\u00bb|800|||||||\u00a0\u00bb title_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#ffffff\u00a0\u00bb title_font_size=\u00a0\u00bb16px\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb10px|10px|10px|10px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#3d59a1&Prime; border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|4px|4px|4px|4px\u00a0\u00bb \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Une synth\u00e8se concernant les syst\u00e8mes complexes de quelques faits jug\u00e9s significatifs par nos Fellows dans le cadre de l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 Presans Platform.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":177,"featured_media":5352,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<h6>This technological note on the industrial applications of complexity theory summarizes what our Fellows have noticed as a result of their participation in Presans Platform missions.<\/h6><p>\u00a0<\/p><h4>1. Definition.<\/h4><p>Complex systems can be defined as systems with a large number of relatively simple but <strong>interdependent<\/strong> components. Understanding and predicting the behavior of such systems may be difficult to anticipate or understand even when the behavior of each of the constituent components is simple. The heterogeneity of the components and the possible presence of feedback loops make it even more difficult to predict their behavior, which is even more unpredictable in the presence of human decisions in dynamic systems.<\/p><p>Complicated systems shouldn't be confused with complex systems. In the first case the decomposition of the system into simple and stable components and the direct links allows the prediction through traditional analytical methods. In the case of complex systems, the interaction rules can evolve over time, the connectivity between the components can be plastic, they respond and interact with their environment, non-linearity and the presence of feedback loops are common. .. <strong>The system is much more than the sum of its parts<\/strong>. The major consequence is the possible emergence of unanticipated emergent phenomena that can prove problematic in the operation of such systems.<\/p><h4>2. Complex systems are a big trend.<\/h4><p>Decision-making within industrial and social systems must integrate more and more information because of the growing number of relevant data available and the understanding of their interaction.<\/p><p>The transition to complex modeling is fraught with consequences and requires\u00a0decision coming\u00a0from the highest executive level of an industrial enterprise. Indeed, such a\u00a0transition constitutes a real paradigm shift that tends to run counter to the established practices and norms of the teams traditionally responsible for modeling.<\/p><p>In geographic terms, the main centers of recognized expertise are located in the USA, England and France, but many countries across the five continents are working on these new approaches.<\/p><p>At the origin of the label \"complex systems\" is the desire of a group of mathematicians to value and institutionalize the valuation of heterodox modeling techniques.<\/p><h4>3. The modeling of complex systems makes it possible to consider the management of emerging phenomena.<\/h4><p>A good example of an emerging phenomenon is that of rogue waves: for a long time sailors have reported the existence of giant waves up to 30 meters high and relatively small. Classical analytical modeling does not make it possible to give a satisfactory account of these phenomena, leading to this phenomena being attributed to the forces of imagination and exaggeration. An approach by complex systems allows to obtain such phenomena\u00a0by simulation... and thus to validate these facts.<\/p><p>Attempts at traditional modeling of a complex system can produce an illusion of security and control, that emerging phenomena can and will destroy.\u00a0This statement has unfortunately been illustrated by numerous incidents.<\/p><p>One of the great strengths of \"complex systems\" modeling approaches is precisely to address these phenomena by proposing a science of emergence.<\/p><h4>4.\u00a0Seriousness of emergent phenomena.<\/h4><p>The control of emerging phenomena is imperative because they can typically lead to catastrophic accidents in transport, organization systems, distribution systems, infrastructures or industrial systems... and have a human and environmental impact. They can also have a very high negative impact on the media. The giant collapse of the American power grid in 2003 is a perfect example of this.<\/p><p>The modeling of complex systems requires very thorough analysis. For example, it is necessary to think very concretely that an accident at the level of a hydraulic system of a machine may, by spatial contiguity, cause a short circuit in a nearby electrical system and have consequences for a seemingly independent subsystem.<\/p><p>However, modeling also makes it possible, more broadly, to optimize the use of resources within industrial and social systems, for example by improving fluidity on transport networks.<\/p><h4>5.\u00a0Methods and areas of application.<\/h4><p>The methods and techniques mobilized by modeling in complex systems are numerous. They are found at the crossroads of mathematics and computer science. The modes of approach are multiple: statistical, logical, phenomenological, functional. The techniques used include Bayesian networks, agent-based systems, and flow methods.<\/p><p>The currently dominant technique is the agent-based modeling approach. It is particularly used in biology, in order to model interacting neighboring cells, and to reveal global operations.<\/p><p>Bayesian networks\u00a0are an excellent way to handle\u00a0uncertainty.<\/p><p>Among the fields of application to which modeling in complex systems is particularly adapted, it is necessary to count:<\/p><ul><li>All the industrial domains whose business model no longer relies on the sale of a machine, but on the guarantee of a functional service whose machine is an underlying asset managed by the supplier, and no longer by the customer. This is particularly the case in the jet engine industry.<\/li><li>The modeling of vehicle traffic in large cities, where public transport networks such as the tramway of the city of Milan.<\/li><li>Urbanism in general.<\/li><li>The modeling of financial systems.<\/li><li>Modeling large groups to integrate the management of industrial and human elements.<\/li><li>The modeling of defense problems, any army seeking to be as much interconnected as possible and to provide its components with the best information.<\/li><li>The logistics sector, for example to avoid, or manage the submersion of centers under packages.<\/li><li>Systems of production and distribution of energy.<\/li><li>Telecommunications.<\/li><\/ul><p>This type of modeling also seems unavoidable for the autonomous vehicles of the future.<\/p><p><a class=\"big_orange_button\" href=\"https:\/\/presans.com\/sofia\/conciergerie\/ask\">Contact us on the Presans Conciergerie for a quick assessment!<\/a><\/p><p><a class=\"big_blue_button\" href=\"mailto: contact@presans.com\">Contact us for your complex expertise needs!<\/a><\/p>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[434,859,1133,1456,1597,1598,1600,1616,1698],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5350"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/177"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5350"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5350\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5350"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5350"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/open-organization.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5350"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}