(English) Nutrition, ageing and Covid-19: Latest scientific insights

Introduction

Since the start of the pandemic in December 2019, coronavirus SARS-Cov2 has killed 6.4 million people and infected at least 570 million people worldwide while the numbers are still continually increasing¹. The population most vulnerable are seniors, especially those who are obese and/or have an underlying disease like diabetics or cardiovascular disease.

Why are they so susceptible to COVID-19 and what do they have in common? This as yet isn’t completely clear. However, it seems seniors with/without the abovementioned disease suffer from an ongoing low grade inflammatory process (called inflammaging) and a gut microbiota disbalance, which unravels potential targets for prevention or treatment.

Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to explore seniors’ increased vulnerability to COVID-19 in terms of the function of their aged immune system (inflammaging) and their gut microbiota imbalance, and to suggest a few ways to intervene in order to lower the risk of coronavirus infection in seniors with or without underlying disease.

The latest science suggests that interventions with probiotics, omega-3, vitamin D and multivitamins, that target these mechanisms, might be successful.

 

Ageing population

The world is rapidly ageing. One in five people worldwide will be over 60+ in 2050. Although we all live longer nowadays, unfortunately the quality of life as we age hasn’t improved in recent years. The prevalence of diseases like heart disease, arthritis and osteoporosis are still very high in senior people which drastically impacts their mobility and quality of life. Also the susceptibility to infection increases with age. Therefore, developing and promoting adequate nutrition for the senior people is extremely important in order to help them maintain health for as long as possible.

 

Ageing population and susceptibility to infection

Seniors represent the group most vulnerable to COVID-19, with underlying age-related health issues, such as hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, being risk factors that can lead to complications in the case of infection. Further, the inevitable natural deterioration of the immune system makes it harder for older adults to fight off infection. Obesity, smoking and malnutrition also weaken the immune system and are thus associated with increased risk. Generally, there are nutritional deficiencies in for instance calcium, vitamin D, folate, and zinc among the senior population. A poor nutritional status is widely considered one of the significant risk factors for severe COVID-19². According to a study in Wuhan, where the outbreak started, the prevalence of malnutrition is elevated in seniors with COVID-19³.

 

Ageing and inflammageing

During ageing, chronic, low-grade inflammation — called inflammageing — develops, which contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. It is associated with a decline in the effectiveness of the immune system termed immunosenescence. A variety of stimuli sustain inflammageing, including viruses, pathogenic bacteria, a poor diet, psychological stress, pollutants, damaged cells or specific drugs (Figure 1). Across the lifespan, people have to constantly adapt to these harmful stimuli. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory parameters may shift to a more pro-inflammatory state, and, consequently, age-related diseases may emerge and ability to responds effectively to viruses and other pathogenic organisms decreases. In some COVID-19 cases the immune system even overreacts, which is known as the cytokine storm, damaging the cells more than the virus it targets.

Figure 1. The ageing process: a lifelong adaptive response to harmful stimuli leading to inflammageing and gut dysbiosis.

 

Ageing and a microbiota disbalance

The gut is a key contributor to our immunity, with more than 80% of the immune cells residing in the gut. The functioning of the immune system is closely linked to the functioning of the gut microbiota and vice versa. With age, the microbiota becomes less diverse and disbalanced. Many factors influence the microbiota including viruses, diet, pathogenic bacteria and antibiotics (Figure 1).

In seniors, a decrease in beneficial bacteria (e.g. Bifidobacteria and Bacteriodes) in the gut microbiota is observed. It is believed that perturbations in the gut microbiota in seniors trigger the innate immune response and may lead to chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammageing), leading to frailty and unhealthy aging⁴. This results in a microbiota that it less able to protect against pathogens, support the immune system, and digest food to supply nutrients (e.g. vitamins) and energy (e.g. short chain fatty acids) to the body. Ultimately, this leads to an increase in the transit time and constipation and susceptibility to various gut-related diseases such as gastroenteritis, infection and inflammatory bowel disease.

It is therefore not surprising that a disbalanced microbiota might increase the COVID-19 risk. COVID-19 has indeed been found to correlate to a difference in composition of the intestinal microbiota⁵. For instance, the anti-inflammatory bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii among others is correlating negatively with COVID-19. Furthermore, a disbalanced gut microbiota together with intestinal inflammation, increases levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a cell surface receptor that serves as a target of SARS-CoV-2 thereby increasing the risk of COVID-19 infection.

 

The Mediterranean diet: A rich source of inspiration to target Covid-19 in seniors?

To date, considerable evidence has demonstrated that food and nutrients affect immune system and the microbiota. Especially, the Mediterranean diet is a powerful tool to promote healthy ageing by counteracting inflammaging and stimulating a healthy microbiota. As this diet is high in vegetables, fruits, nuts, fish and olive oil, it can provide seniors with the necessary macro- and micronutrients, polyphenols, anti-oxidants, pre-, pro-, post- and synbiotics to restore and maintain immune cell function and restore the microbiota balance. Therefore, this diet is a good source of inspiration when looking at ingredients that can decrease the risk of COVID-19. Recently, several reviews have appeared describing the potential of ingredients like curcumin, lactoferrin, pre- and probiotics, omega-3, vitamins B₁₂, C, D, and minerals iron and zinc^6–14. However, a very limited number of observational and intervention studies have been carried out in Covid-19 patients and therefore to date, the most promising candidate micronutrient is Vitamin D^15–17 (Figure 2). Also emerging science indicates promises for probiotics, omega-3, and multi-vitamins^18,19.

 

 

 

Figure 2. Potential nutritional interventions targeting COVID-19 in seniors.

 

Vitamin D targeting Covid-19

From observational studies it is clear that a poor vitamin D status in seniors prior to infection is associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection risk²⁰. This is not surprising as low vitamin D status predisposes for respiratory tract infections in general. Several clinical studies on vitamin D are currently ongoing and four have been published already. One showed that a high-dose of vitamin D supplementation led to increased viral clearance indicating vitamin D had a therapeutic effect¹⁶. Another study reported that vitamin D supplementation taken during or just before COVID-19 was associated with less severe COVID-19 and better survival rate among frail elderly residents^15,17. Vitamin D supplementation also produced decreases in indicators of muscle damage in an elderly population, which may ultimately contribute to improving the health status and quality of life of elderly patients recovering from COVID-19²¹. However, vitamin D did not significantly reduce hospital length of stay in moderate to severe COVID-19 patients¹⁹. Therefore, Vitamin D so far seems a promising nutritional intervention to prevent COVID-19 or treat especially mild/early phases of the disease (Figure 2).

 

Probiotics, Omega-3, Multivitamins and magnesium targeting Covid-19

Recently, a large, app-based survey among more than 300.000 UK consumers showed a modest but significant association between use of probiotics, omega-3 fatty acid, multivitamin or vitamin D supplements and lower risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in women¹⁸. Another cohort study showed that a combination of vitamin D, magnesium and vitamin B12 in older COVID-19 patients was associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of patients with clinical deterioration requiring oxygen support, intensive care support, or both²².

A randomized clinical trial recently showed that a specific probiotic combination improves symptomatic and viral clearance in Covid-19 outpatients²³. Another trial specifically showed that in an elderly population the administration of a probiotic may enhance the specific immune response against COVID-19 and may improve the COVID-19 vaccine-specific responses²⁴. Therefore, specific probiotics seem promising candidate nutraceuticals to prevent or ameliorate symptoms of senior patients suffering from COVID-19 (Figure 2), but clearly future studies are needed to show which probiotics work best and what mechanisms are behind.  

The two mechanisms of actions described earlier (counteracting inflammaging and balancing the gut microbiota) may explain why the supplements had a beneficial effect on reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection. Specifically, vitamin D can modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses because immune cells (B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells) express the vitamin D receptor and can thereby respond to vitamin D²⁵. Deficiency in vitamin D is associated with an increased susceptibility to infection. Probiotics are known to stimulate beneficial microbes in the gut and thereby interact with the gut-associated immune system, resulting in improved immunity and superior responses to vaccines. Omega-3s are demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory, but if they reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not yet clear. Multivitamins often contain micronutrients with antioxidant properties and roles in supporting the immune system.

 

Conclusion

Although observational studies shows promising results for the use of omega-3, and multivitamins, so far only specific probiotics and vitamin D have been tested in a clinical setting in seniors making these to date the most appealing nutritional supplements for seniors both at risk of, and suffering from COVID-19. Nevertheless, several nutritional intervention studies are ongoing making it likely that other candidates might appear on the horizon soon.

 

Author Bio

Sandra is Fellow at Presans since 2015. She is also consultant in strategy and innovation focusing on nutrition and health. She chairs the Nutrition Consultants Cooperative (NCC) and heads Einerhand Science & Innovation, recently receiving the Luxlife Food and Drink award for being the best European Early Life Nutrition Consultancy. In March 2021, Sandra Einerhand had the opportunity to present her activities on the National TV. Since april 2015, she is a member of the scientific advisory board of TNO Triskelion. Before, she worked in academia as associate professor in Life Science and in industries as Global R&D Director with Danone Nutricia Research being her last employer. She has experience in implementing an open innovation strategy, leading multidisciplinary teams focusing on innovative (pre)clinical  research, program management, product development, quality/safety of different food (ingredients) and neutraceuticals. Sandra Einerhand started her career as a molecular biologist with expertise in yeast fermentation and DNA modification and obtained her PhD in Biomedicine. She is co-inventor on several patents and is author of >100 international scientific papers, editorials, and chapters in international books and has given lectures at >50 international conferences and exhibitions.

EDUCATION

• Msc in Chemistry at the Free University in Amsterdam, NL
• PhD in Biomedicine focusing on fatty acid oxidation in health and disease (1992), Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam University, NL

 

This article, written by Sandra Einerhand, was originally published in Nutra Horizons in 2020 but updated with the most recent science.  

 

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